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The 2024 ACS 1-Year PUMS file has not yet been released amidst the U.S. federal government shutdown. Once these data are available, IPUMS will process and release them as quickly as possible.

Description

MMTONGUE reports the mother tongue of the respondent's mother, if the respondent's mother was foreign-born. Mother tongue means the primary language the person spoke at home in the home country (not in the United States).

For both years, the mother tongues of the respondents' foreign-born fathers are reported in FMTONGUE. Further mother tongue and/or language information is available in the variables MTONGUE (respondent's own mother tongue -- 1910 (U.S. Census), 1920 (U.S. and Puerto Rican Censuses), 1940, 1960, and 1970) and LANGUAGE (Language spoken -- 1910 (U.S. and Puerto Rican Censuses), 1980, 1990, 2000, and the ACS). All the language variables (MTONGUE, MMTONGUE, FMTONGUE, and LANGUAGE) follow the same IPUMS coding scheme, and an overview is provided in MTONGUE.