- Description
- Codes
- Comparability
- Universe
- Availability
- Questionnaire Text
- Flags
- Source Variables
- Editing Procedure
Description
PWCITY identifies the city in which the respondent worked in the week prior to the census. IPUMS constructs PWCITY from PWCNTYGP in 1980, from PWPUMA in 1990, and from PWPUMA00 in 2000 and in the 2005-2011 ACS samples. Differing confidentiality restrictions and coding procedures limit the identifiable cities over time. (See CITY for details on limitations in identifying cities.)
In all years, many large cities cannot be identified. In 1990, 2000, and 2005-2011, a number of cities identified in CITY are not available in PWCITY. This is because, for these samples, CITY is based on PUMAs while PWCITY is based on coarser "Place-of-Work PUMAs," which correspond to one or more PUMAs.
In 1980, responses to questions about workplace location were coded for only half the persons included in IPUMS USA. These cases provide representative proportional distributions but not accurate absolute numbers for the population as a whole. To generate accurate absolute numbers, users should select cases coded as 2 in MIGSAMP and multiply by 2 as well as by PERWT.
Codes and Frequencies
An 'X' indicates the category is available for that sample
| Code | Label |
2011
acs
|
2006
acs
|
2000
1pct
|
1990
1pct
|
1980
1pct
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000 | N/A or not identifiable | X | X | X | X | X |
| 0010 | Akron, OH | X | X | · | · | X |
| 0050 | Albany, NY | · | · | · | X | X |
| 0070 | Albuquerque, NM | · | · | · | · | X |
| 0090 | Alexandria, VA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 0130 | Allentown, PA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 0190 | Anaheim, CA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 0210 | Anchorage, AK | X | X | · | X | X |
| 0270 | Ann Arbor, MI | X | X | · | X | X |
| 0290 | Arlington, TX | · | · | · | X | X |
| 0310 | Arlington, VA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 0350 | Atlanta, GA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 0450 | Aurora, CO | · | · | · | X | X |
| 0490 | Austin, TX | · | · | · | X | X |
| 0510 | Bakersfield, CA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 0530 | Baltimore, MD | X | X | X | X | X |
| 0590 | Baton Rouge, LA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 0600 | Bayamon, PR | · | · | · | · | · |
| 0670 | Beaumont, TX | X | X | · | X | · |
| 0680 | Bellevue, WA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 0770 | Birmingham, AL | · | · | · | · | X |
| 0800 | Boise, ID | X | X | · | · | · |
| 0810 | Boston, MA | X | X | X | X | X |
| 0830 | Bridgeport, CT | X | X | · | X | X |
| 0880 | Brownsville, TX | X | X | · | · | · |
| Code | Label |
2011
acs
|
2006
acs
|
2000
1pct
|
1990
1pct
|
1980
1pct
|
| 0890 | Buffalo, NY | X | X | · | X | X |
| 0930 | Cambridge, MA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 1000 | Cape Coral, FL | X | X | · | · | · |
| 1050 | Carolina, PR | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1090 | Charlotte, NC | X | X | · | · | · |
| 1110 | Chattanooga, TN | X | X | · | X | X |
| 1150 | Chesapeake, VA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 1190 | Chicago, IL | X | X | X | X | X |
| 1250 | Chula Vista, CA | · | · | · | X | · |
| 1290 | Cincinnati, OH | X | X | · | · | X |
| 1330 | Cleveland, OH | · | · | · | X | X |
| 1390 | Colorado Springs, CO | · | · | · | X | X |
| 1410 | Columbia, SC | X | X | · | · | X |
| 1450 | Columbus, OH | X | X | · | · | X |
| 1470 | Concord, CA | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1500 | Corona, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 1520 | Corpus Christi, TX | X | X | · | · | · |
| 1590 | Dallas, TX | · | · | · | X | X |
| 1650 | Davenport, IA | · | · | · | X | · |
| 1670 | Dayton, OH | X | X | · | · | X |
| 1710 | Denver, CO | · | · | · | X | · |
| 1730 | Des Moines, IA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 1750 | Detroit, MI | X | X | · | X | X |
| 1800 | Downey, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 1850 | Durham, NC | · | · | · | · | X |
| Code | Label |
2011
acs
|
2006
acs
|
2000
1pct
|
1990
1pct
|
1980
1pct
|
| 1910 | East Los Angeles, CA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 1990 | El Monte, CA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 2010 | El Paso, TX | · | · | · | · | X |
| 2050 | Elizabeth, NJ | X | X | · | X | X |
| 2090 | Erie, PA | X | X | · | · | X |
| 2110 | Escondido, CA | · | · | · | X | · |
| 2130 | Eugene, OR | · | · | · | X | · |
| 2170 | Evansville, IN | X | X | · | · | X |
| 2240 | Fayetteville, NC | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2270 | Flint, MI | X | X | · | X | X |
| 2260 | Fontana, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2300 | Fort Collins, CO | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2290 | Fort Lauderdale, FL | · | · | · | X | X |
| 2330 | Fort Wayne, IN | X | X | · | X | X |
| 2350 | Fort Worth, TX | · | · | · | X | X |
| 2370 | Fresno, CA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 2390 | Fullerton, CA | · | · | · | · | X |
| 2430 | Garden Grove, CA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 2450 | Garland, TX | · | · | · | X | X |
| 2470 | Gary, IN | X | X | · | X | X |
| 2490 | Glendale, CA | · | · | · | X | · |
| 2530 | Grand Rapids, MI | X | X | · | X | X |
| 2550 | Green Bay, WI | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2570 | Greensboro, NC | X | X | · | X | · |
| 2600 | Guyanabo, PR | · | · | · | · | · |
| Code | Label |
2011
acs
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2006
acs
|
2000
1pct
|
1990
1pct
|
1980
1pct
|
| 2650 | Hampton, VA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2710 | Hartford, CT | X | X | · | X | X |
| 2770 | Hialeah, FL | · | · | · | X | X |
| 2830 | Hollywood, FL | · | · | · | X | X |
| 2870 | Honolulu, HI | · | · | · | · | X |
| 2890 | Houston, TX | · | · | · | X | X |
| 2930 | Huntington Beach, CA | · | · | · | · | X |
| 2950 | Huntsville, AL | X | X | · | · | X |
| 2970 | Independence, MO | X | X | · | · | X |
| 2990 | Indianapolis, IN | · | · | · | · | X |
| 3010 | Inglewood, CA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 3020 | Irvine, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 3030 | Irving, TX | · | · | · | X | X |
| 3090 | Jackson, MS | X | X | · | X | X |
| 3110 | Jacksonville, FL | · | · | · | · | X |
| 3150 | Jersey City, NJ | X | X | · | X | X |
| 3260 | Kansas City, MO | X | X | X | · | X |
| 3330 | Knoxville, TN | X | X | · | X | X |
| 3390 | Lafayette, LA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 3410 | Lakewood, CO | · | · | · | X | X |
| 3440 | Lancaster, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 3470 | Lansing, MI | X | X | · | · | · |
| 3490 | Las Vegas, NV | · | · | · | · | X |
| 3590 | Lexington-Fayette, KY | X | X | · | X | X |
| 3650 | Little Rock, AR | X | X | · | · | · |
| Code | Label |
2011
acs
|
2006
acs
|
2000
1pct
|
1990
1pct
|
1980
1pct
|
| 3670 | Livonia, MI | X | X | · | X | X |
| 3690 | Long Beach, CA | X | X | X | X | X |
| 3730 | Los Angeles, CA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 3750 | Louisville, KY | · | · | · | X | X |
| 3770 | Lowell, MA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 3830 | Macon, GA | · | · | · | · | X |
| 3870 | Madison, WI | X | X | · | · | X |
| 3910 | Manchester, NH | X | X | · | · | · |
| 3960 | McAllen, TX | X | X | · | · | · |
| 4010 | Memphis, TN | X | X | · | X | X |
| 4050 | Mesa, AZ | · | · | · | · | X |
| 4070 | Mesquite, TX | · | · | · | X | · |
| 4090 | Metairie, LA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 4110 | Miami, FL | · | · | · | · | X |
| 4130 | Milwaukee, WI | X | X | X | · | X |
| 4150 | Minneapolis, MN | X | X | · | X | X |
| 4170 | Mobile, AL | X | X | · | X | X |
| 4190 | Modesto, CA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 4250 | Montgomery, AL | X | X | · | X | · |
| 4270 | Moreno Valley, CA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 4410 | Nashville-Davidson, TN | · | · | · | · | X |
| 4530 | New Haven, CT | X | X | · | X | · |
| 4570 | New Orleans, LA | X | X | X | X | X |
| 4610 | New York, NY | X | X | X | X | X |
| 4630 | Newark, NJ | X | X | · | X | X |
| Code | Label |
2011
acs
|
2006
acs
|
2000
1pct
|
1990
1pct
|
1980
1pct
|
| 4750 | Newport News, VA | X | X | · | · | X |
| 4810 | Norfolk, VA | X | X | · | · | X |
| 4860 | Norwalk, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 4930 | Oakland, CA | · | · | · | · | X |
| 4950 | Oceanside, CA | · | · | · | X | · |
| 4990 | Oklahoma City, OK | X | X | X | X | X |
| 5010 | Omaha, NE | · | · | · | · | X |
| 5030 | Ontario, CA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 5070 | Orlando, FL | · | · | · | X | X |
| 5130 | Oxnard, CA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 5140 | Palmdale, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 5150 | Pasadena, CA | · | · | · | X | · |
| 5170 | Pasadena, TX | X | X | · | X | · |
| 5210 | Paterson, NJ | X | X | · | · | X |
| 5270 | Peoria, IL | X | X | · | X | X |
| 5330 | Philadelphia, PA | X | X | X | · | X |
| 5350 | Phoenix, AZ | · | · | · | X | X |
| 5370 | Pittsburgh, PA | X | X | · | · | X |
| 5430 | Plano, TX | · | · | · | · | · |
| 5450 | Pomona, CA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 5500 | Ponce, PR | · | · | · | · | · |
| 5530 | Portland, OR | · | · | · | X | X |
| 5590 | Portsmouth, VA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 5650 | Providence, RI | X | X | · | X | X |
| 5750 | Raleigh, NC | X | X | · | · | X |
| Code | Label |
2011
acs
|
2006
acs
|
2000
1pct
|
1990
1pct
|
1980
1pct
|
| 5770 | Rancho Cucamonga, CA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 5810 | Reno, NV | X | X | · | X | · |
| 5870 | Richmond, VA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 5890 | Riverside, CA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 5910 | Roanoke, VA | · | · | · | · | X |
| 5930 | Rochester, NY | X | X | · | X | X |
| 5970 | Rockford, IL | X | X | · | X | X |
| 6030 | Sacramento, CA | X | X | X | X | X |
| 6090 | Saint Louis, MO | X | X | · | X | X |
| 6110 | Saint Paul, MN | X | X | · | X | X |
| 6130 | Saint Petersburg, FL | · | · | · | X | X |
| 6170 | Salem, OR | · | · | · | X | · |
| 6190 | Salinas, CA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 6210 | Salt Lake City, UT | · | · | · | · | · |
| 6230 | San Antonio, TX | · | · | · | X | X |
| 6250 | San Bernadino, CA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 6270 | San Diego, CA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 6290 | San Francisco, CA | X | X | X | X | X |
| 6310 | San Jose, CA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 6320 | San Juan, PR | · | · | X | · | · |
| 6330 | Santa Ana, CA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 6340 | Santa Clarita, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 6350 | Santa Rosa, CA | · | · | · | X | · |
| 6370 | Savannah, GA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 6430 | Seattle, WA | X | X | X | X | · |
| Code | Label |
2011
acs
|
2006
acs
|
2000
1pct
|
1990
1pct
|
1980
1pct
|
| 6490 | Shreveport, LA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 6500 | Simi Valley, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 6530 | Sioux Falls, SD | X | X | · | · | · |
| 6590 | South Bend, IN | X | X | · | X | X |
| 6630 | Spokane, WA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 6650 | Springfield, IL | X | X | · | · | · |
| 6670 | Springfield, MA | X | X | · | X | · |
| 6690 | Springfield, MO | X | X | · | X | · |
| 6730 | Stamford, CT | X | X | · | X | · |
| 6750 | Sterling Heights, MI | X | X | · | X | X |
| 6790 | Stockton, CA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 6810 | Sunnyvale, CA | · | · | · | X | X |
| 6850 | Syracuse, NY | X | X | · | X | X |
| 6870 | Tacoma, WA | X | X | · | · | X |
| 6890 | Tampa, FL | · | · | · | X | X |
| 6930 | Tempe, AZ | · | · | · | · | X |
| 6960 | Thousand Oaks, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 6970 | Toledo, OH | X | X | · | · | X |
| 6990 | Topeka, KS | · | · | · | · | X |
| 7000 | Torrance, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 7050 | Tucson, AZ | · | · | · | · | X |
| 7070 | Tulsa, OK | X | X | · | X | X |
| 7110 | Vallejo, CA | · | · | · | X | · |
| 7100 | Vancouver, WA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 7130 | Virginia Beach, VA | X | X | X | · | X |
| Code | Label |
2011
acs
|
2006
acs
|
2000
1pct
|
1990
1pct
|
1980
1pct
|
| 7180 | Warren, MI | X | X | · | · | · |
| 7230 | Washington, DC | X | X | X | X | X |
| 7250 | Waterbury, CT | X | X | · | X | X |
| 7320 | West Covina, CA | X | X | · | · | · |
| 7410 | Wichita, KS | X | X | · | X | X |
| 7530 | Winston-Salem, NC | X | X | · | X | X |
| 7570 | Worcester, MA | X | X | · | X | X |
| 7590 | Yonkers, NY | X | X | · | X | X |
| 7630 | Youngstown, OH | · | · | · | · | · |
Can't find the category you are looking for? Try the Detailed codes
Comparability
PWCITY codes correspond to the same cities in all years, but city boundaries may change over time, and individual cities may or may not be identifiable in different samples.
For the 1990 samples, the following cities are not uniquely identifiable within the three digits of detail provided in PWPUMA:
| Metro Sample | State Sample | ||
| Code | City | Code | City |
| 0010 | Akron, OH | 0010 | Akron, OH |
| 0130 | Allentown, PA | 0130 | Allentown, PA |
| 2090 | Erie, PA | 0190 | Anaheim, CA |
| 2390 | Fullerton, CA | 2090 | Erie, PA |
| 2930 | Huntington Beach, CA | 2390 | Fullerton, CA |
| 3490 | Las Vegas, NV | 2930 | Huntington Beach, CA |
| 4130 | Milwaukee, WI | 3490 | Las Vegas, NV |
| 5330 | Philadelphia, PA | 4130 | Milwaukee, WI |
| 5370 | Pittsburgh, PA | 5350 | Phoenix, AZ |
| 5430 | Plano, TX | 5370 | Pittsburgh, PA |
| 5890 | Riverside, CA | ||
| 6810 | Sunnyvale, CA | ||
The Place-of-Work PUMAs in 2005-2011 ACS samples use the 2000 definitions of Place-of-Work PUMAs, as in 2000 Census samples. For this reason, the 2005-2011 ACS version of PWCITY also identifies cities based on city boundaries from 2000. The 2005-2011 PWCITY coding is thus consistent with the 2000 PWCITY coding.
There are no plans to extend PWCITY forward into 2012 and later ACS samples. New standards put in place for the 2010 Place-of-Work PUMA definitions, which are used in 2012 and later samples, required that Place-of-Work PUMA boundaries follow county boundaries. This results in a great decrease in the number of place-of-work cities that can be identified. For cities with boundaries that are also county boundaries, it may be possible to use PWCOUNTY to identify the place-of-work city based on the place-of-work county.
No place-of-work cities could be identified for the 2005-2011 PRCS.
Universe
- 1980: Persons age 16+ who worked last week and reported their place of work in the United States or Puerto Rico; 50 percent of cases (see MIGSAMP).
- 1990-2000: Persons age 16+ who worked last week.
- ACS: Persons age 16+ who worked last week; not available for Puerto Rico.
Availability
- 2023: --
- 2022: --
- 2021: --
- 2020: --
- 2019: --
- 2018: --
- 2017: --
- 2016: --
- 2015: --
- 2014: --
- 2013: --
- 2012: --
- 2011: All samples
- 2010: ACS; ACS 3yr; ACS 5yr
- 2009: All samples
- 2008: All samples
- 2007: All samples
- 2006: All samples
- 2005: All samples
- 2004: --
- 2003: --
- 2002: --
- 2001: --
- 2000: 5%; 1% old; 1% unwt; 1%
- 1990: 5% state; 1% metro; 1% unwt; 3% elderly
- 1980: 5% state; 1% metro
- 1970: --
- 1960: --
- 1950: --
- 1940: --
- 1930: --
- 1920: --
- 1910: --
- 1900: --
- 1880: --
- 1870: --
- 1860: --
- 1850: --
- 2023: --
- 2022: --
- 2021: --
- 2020: --
- 2019: --
- 2018: --
- 2017: --
- 2016: --
- 2015: --
- 2014: --
- 2013: --
- 2012: --
- 2011: --
- 2010: --
- 2009: --
- 2008: --
- 2007: --
- 2006: --
- 2005: --
- 2000: All samples
- 1990: --
- 1980: --
- 1970: --
- 1930: --
- 1920: --
- 1910: --
Flags
This variable has no flags.Editing Procedure
There is no editing procedure available for this variable.
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