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Description

PWPUMA00 identifies the location of the respondent's primary workplace, in terms of the Place-of-Work Public Use Microdata Area (POWPUMA), a Census Bureau-defined area of contiguous territory containing 100,000+ residents.

POWPUMA codes are state-dependent, so PWPUMA00 must be combined with state codes (see PWSTATE2) to distinguish POWPUMAs in different states.

IPUMS originally included "00" in the name of PWPUMA00 to indicate the variable's use of 2000 POWPUMA definitions, which are the smallest place-of-work units identified in source 2000 census samples and in 2005-2011 ACS/PRCS samples. IPUMS has, however, extended PWPUMA00 to also supply 2010 POWPUMA codes for 2012-2021 ACS/PRCS samples and 2020 POWPUMA codes for 2022 and later ACS/PRCS samples. In contrast, the PWPUMA variable provides only 1990 POWPUMA codes and is available only for 1990 samples.

Details on POWPUMA definitions, including maps, boundary files, and relationships to PUMAs:

Note: In some multi-year samples, Place-of-Work PUMA definitions vary or are allocated. In multi-year ACS/PRCS samples that span a PUMA definition change, the identified Place-of-Work PUMAs vary based on the survey year when each respondent was interviewed (as given by MULTYEAR). This occurs in samples that span the change from 2000 PUMAs (survey years 2000-2011) to 2010 PUMAs (survey years 2012-2021) and in the 2022 5-year ACS/PRCS sample (which uses 2010 PUMAs for survey years 2018-2021 and 2020 PUMAs in 2022). With the 2023 5-year ACS/PRCS sample, the Census Bureau began reporting only 2020 PUMAs for all survey years, which they achieved by assigning pre-2022 respondents a 2020 PUMA based on the associated 2010 PUMAs and the known relationships between 2010 and 2020 PUMAs. The Bureau has provided no details on their PUMA allocation method, but IPUMS has confirmed that it produces plausible population totals for the assigned 2020 PUMAs.

Corrections in 2012-2014 ACS Samples: The source 2012, 2013, and 2014 ACS PUMS files included several errors in POWPUMA codes. IPUMS corrected all of these errors in IPUMS USA samples in a January 2019 data release.

  • In 2012 and 2013, workers in Georgia POWPUMAs 04000 (Richmond County) and 04007 (Gwinnett County) had all been assigned code 04000.
  • In 2012 and 2013, workers in Wisconsin POWPUMAs 00100 (Ashland, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Iron, Price, Rusk, Sawyer, Taylor, and Washburn Counties) and 00104 (Dane County) had all been assigned code 00100.
  • In 2012, 2013, and 2014, workers in South Carolina POWPUMAs 00600 (Calhoun, Fairfield, Kershaw, and Richland Counties) and 00606 (Lexington and Saluda Counties) had all been assigned code 00600.
  • In 2012, 2013, and 2014, workers in Virginia POWPUMAs 51000 (Albemarle, Fluvanna, Greene, Louisa, Nelson Counties, and Charlottesville city) and 51001 (Alleghany, Botetourt, Craig, Franklin, and Roanoke Counties; and Covington, Roanoke, and Salem cities) had all been assigned code 51000.