- Description
- Codes
- Comparability
- Universe
- Availability
- Questionnaire Text
- Flags
- Source Variables
- Editing Procedure
Description
YRNATUR reports the 4-digit year in which a foreign-born United States citizen became naturalized. In 1920 (see the instructions to enumerators, below), foreign-born men age 21 and older and unmarried foreign-born women age 21 and older became naturalized citizens through their own efforts. Married foreign-born women achieved their naturalization when they married a native-born man or when their foreign-born husband was naturalized. Foreign-born children (under age 21) of foreign-born parents became naturalized when one of their parents was naturalized.
Codes and Frequencies
An 'X' indicates the category is available for that sample
| Code | Label |
2023
acs
|
2022
acs
|
2021
acs
|
2016
acs
|
2011
acs
|
1920
1pct
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1806 | 1806 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1807 | 1807 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1808 | 1808 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1809 | 1809 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1810 | 1810 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1811 | 1811 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1812 | 1812 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1813 | 1813 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1814 | 1814 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1815 | 1815 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1816 | 1816 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1817 | 1817 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1818 | 1818 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1819 | 1819 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1820 | 1820 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1821 | 1821 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1822 | 1822 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1823 | 1823 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1824 | 1824 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1825 | 1825 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1826 | 1826 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1827 | 1827 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1828 | 1828 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1829 | 1829 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1830 | 1830 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| Code | Label |
2023
acs
|
2022
acs
|
2021
acs
|
2016
acs
|
2011
acs
|
1920
1pct
|
| 1831 | 1831 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1832 | 1832 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1833 | 1833 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1834 | 1834 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1835 | 1835 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1836 | 1836 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1837 | 1837 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1838 | 1838 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1839 | 1839 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1840 | 1840 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1841 | 1841 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1842 | 1842 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1843 | 1843 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1844 | 1844 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1845 | 1845 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1846 | 1846 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1847 | 1847 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1848 | 1848 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1849 | 1849 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1850 | 1850 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1851 | 1851 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1852 | 1852 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1853 | 1853 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1854 | 1854 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1855 | 1855 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| Code | Label |
2023
acs
|
2022
acs
|
2021
acs
|
2016
acs
|
2011
acs
|
1920
1pct
|
| 1856 | 1856 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1857 | 1857 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1858 | 1858 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1859 | 1859 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1860 | 1860 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1861 | 1861 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1862 | 1862 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1863 | 1863 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1864 | 1864 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1865 | 1865 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1866 | 1866 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1867 | 1867 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1868 | 1868 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1869 | 1869 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1870 | 1870 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1871 | 1871 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1872 | 1872 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1873 | 1873 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1874 | 1874 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1875 | 1875 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1876 | 1876 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1877 | 1877 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1878 | 1878 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1879 | 1879 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1880 | 1880 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| Code | Label |
2023
acs
|
2022
acs
|
2021
acs
|
2016
acs
|
2011
acs
|
1920
1pct
|
| 1881 | 1881 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1882 | 1882 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1883 | 1883 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1884 | 1884 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1885 | 1885 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1886 | 1886 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1887 | 1887 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1888 | 1888 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1889 | 1889 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1890 | 1890 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1891 | 1891 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1892 | 1892 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1893 | 1893 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1894 | 1894 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1895 | 1895 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1896 | 1896 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1897 | 1897 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1898 | 1898 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1899 | 1899 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1900 | 1900 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1901 | 1901 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1902 | 1902 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1903 | 1903 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1904 | 1904 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1905 | 1905 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| Code | Label |
2023
acs
|
2022
acs
|
2021
acs
|
2016
acs
|
2011
acs
|
1920
1pct
|
| 1906 | 1906 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1907 | 1907 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1908 | 1908 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1909 | 1909 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1910 | 1910 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1911 | 1911 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1912 | 1912 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1913 | 1913 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1914 | 1914 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1915 | 1915 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1916 | 1916 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1917 | 1917 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1918 | 1918 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1919 | 1919 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1920 | 1920 | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 1921 | 1921 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1922 | 1922 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1923 | 1923 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1924 | 1924 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1925 | 1925 (1925 or earlier, ACS/PRCS pre 2012) | · | · | · | · | X | · |
| 1926 | 1925 (1925 or earlier, ACS/PRCS pre 2012) | · | · | · | · | X | · |
| 1927 | 1927 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1928 | 1928 (1928 or earlier, 2012-2016 ACS/PRCS) | · | · | · | X | · | · |
| 1929 | 1929 (1929-1933, 2012-2016 ACS/PRCS) | · | · | · | X | · | · |
| 1930 | 1930 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| Code | Label |
2023
acs
|
2022
acs
|
2021
acs
|
2016
acs
|
2011
acs
|
1920
1pct
|
| 1931 | 1931 (1931-1935, ACS/PRCS pre 2012) | · | · | · | · | X | · |
| 1932 | 1932 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1933 | 1933 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1934 | 1934 (1934-1939, 2012-2016 ACS/PRCS) | · | · | · | X | · | · |
| 1935 | 1935 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1936 | 1936 (1936-1940, ACS/PRCS pre 2012) | · | · | · | · | X | · |
| 1937 | 1937 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1938 | 1938 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1939 | 1939 (1939 or earlier, 2017-2018 ACS/PRCS) | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1940 | 1940 (1940-1942, 2012-2016 ACS/PRCS; 1940-1944, 2017-2018 ACS/PRCS) | · | · | · | X | · | · |
| 1941 | 1941 (1941-1942, ACS/PRCS pre 2012) | · | · | · | · | X | · |
| 1942 | 1942 | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| 1943 | 1943 (1943-44, 2012-2016 ACS/PRCS) | · | · | · | X | X | · |
| 1944 | 1944 (1944 or earlier, 2019-onward ACS/PRCS) | · | · | X | · | X | · |
| 1945 | 1945 (1945-1947, 2017-onward ACS/PRCS) | · | · | X | X | X | · |
| 1946 | 1946 (1946-1947, 2012-2016 ACS/PRCS) | · | · | · | X | X | · |
| 1947 | 1947 (1947 or earlier, 2022-onward ACS/PRCS) | X | X | · | · | X | · |
| 1948 | 1948 (1948-1949, 2017-onward ACS/PRCS) | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1949 | 1949 | · | · | · | X | X | · |
| 1950 | 1950 (1950-1951, 2020-onward ACS/PRCS) | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1951 | 1951 | · | · | · | X | X | · |
| 1952 | 1952 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1953 | 1953 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1954 | 1954 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1955 | 1955 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| Code | Label |
2023
acs
|
2022
acs
|
2021
acs
|
2016
acs
|
2011
acs
|
1920
1pct
|
| 1956 | 1956 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1957 | 1957 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1958 | 1958 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1959 | 1959 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1960 | 1960 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1961 | 1961 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1962 | 1962 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1963 | 1963 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1964 | 1964 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1965 | 1965 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1966 | 1966 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1967 | 1967 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1968 | 1968 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1969 | 1969 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1970 | 1970 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1971 | 1971 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1972 | 1972 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1973 | 1973 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1974 | 1974 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1975 | 1975 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1976 | 1976 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1977 | 1977 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1978 | 1978 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1979 | 1979 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1980 | 1980 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| Code | Label |
2023
acs
|
2022
acs
|
2021
acs
|
2016
acs
|
2011
acs
|
1920
1pct
|
| 1981 | 1981 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1982 | 1982 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1983 | 1983 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1984 | 1984 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1985 | 1985 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1986 | 1986 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1987 | 1987 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1988 | 1988 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1989 | 1989 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1990 | 1990 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1991 | 1991 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1992 | 1992 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1993 | 1993 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1994 | 1994 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1995 | 1995 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1996 | 1996 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1997 | 1997 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1998 | 1998 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 1999 | 1999 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2000 | 2000 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2001 | 2001 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2002 | 2002 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2003 | 2003 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2004 | 2004 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2005 | 2005 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| Code | Label |
2023
acs
|
2022
acs
|
2021
acs
|
2016
acs
|
2011
acs
|
1920
1pct
|
| 2006 | 2006 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2007 | 2007 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2008 | 2008 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2009 | 2009 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2010 | 2010 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2011 | 2011 | X | X | X | X | X | · |
| 2012 | 2012 | X | X | X | X | · | · |
| 2013 | 2013 | X | X | X | X | · | · |
| 2014 | 2014 | X | X | X | X | · | · |
| 2015 | 2015 | X | X | X | X | · | · |
| 2016 | 2016 | X | X | X | X | · | · |
| 2017 | 2017 | X | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2018 | 2018 | X | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2019 | 2019 | X | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2020 | 2020 | X | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2021 | 2021 | X | X | X | · | · | · |
| 2022 | 2022 | X | X | · | · | · | · |
| 9997 | Unknown | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 9998 | Illegible / uncodable | · | · | · | · | · | X |
| 9999 | N/A, missing, blank | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Can't find the category you are looking for? Try the Detailed codes
Comparability
This variable is only available for the 1920 United States Census and the 2008-onward ACS/PRCS. See also CITIZEN.
Universe
- 1920: Naturalized persons; not available for Puerto Rico.
- ACS, PRCS: Naturalized persons.
Availability
- 2023: All samples
- 2022: All samples
- 2021: All samples
- 2020: All samples
- 2019: All samples
- 2018: All samples
- 2017: All samples
- 2016: All samples
- 2015: All samples
- 2014: All samples
- 2013: All samples
- 2012: All samples
- 2011: ACS; ACS 3yr
- 2010: ACS; ACS 3yr
- 2009: ACS
- 2008: ACS
- 2007: --
- 2006: --
- 2005: --
- 2004: --
- 2003: --
- 2002: --
- 2001: --
- 2000: --
- 1990: --
- 1980: --
- 1970: --
- 1960: --
- 1950: --
- 1940: --
- 1930: --
- 1920: 1%
- 1910: --
- 1900: --
- 1880: --
- 1870: --
- 1860: --
- 1850: --
- 2023: All samples
- 2022: All samples
- 2021: All samples
- 2020: All samples
- 2019: All samples
- 2018: All samples
- 2017: All samples
- 2016: All samples
- 2015: All samples
- 2014: All samples
- 2013: All samples
- 2012: All samples
- 2011: PRCS; PRCS 3yr
- 2010: PRCS; PRCS 3yr
- 2009: PRCS
- 2008: PRCS
- 2007: --
- 2006: --
- 2005: --
- 2000: --
- 1990: --
- 1980: --
- 1970: --
- 1930: --
- 1920: --
- 1910: --
Flags
QYRNATURSource Variables
Some unharmonized variables may not be available.
Variable |
Variable Label |
Type | Codes | Sample | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2011A_CITWP | Year of naturalization write-in | P | codes | 2011 ACS | |
| US2016A_CITWP | Year of naturalization write-in | P | codes | 2016 ACS | |
| US2021A_CITWP | Year of naturalization write-in | P | codes | 2021 ACS | |
| US2022A_CITWP | Year of naturalization write-in | P | codes | 2022 ACS | |
| US2023A_CITWP | Year of naturalization write-in | P | codes | 2023 ACS |
Editing Procedure
CITIZEN (Citizen)
YRIMMIG (Year of immigration)
YRNATUR (Year naturalized)
ACS Years: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
ACS editing procedure:
Starting in 2008, the ACS asked naturalized citizens what year they were naturalized (YRNATUR).
If a person reports being born in the United Sates when asked their birthplace (BPL) but reports not being born in the U.S. when asked if they are a U.S. citizen (CITIZEN), CITIZEN will be replaced with "Born in the U.S." When this happens, QCITIZEN will show the value is allocated.
If year of immigration (YRIMMIG) is one year after the survey year, YRIMMIG will be replaced with the survey year.
If a person reports being born in Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Marianas, or the Virgin Islands when asked their birthplace (BPL) and either does not have a response for when asked about their citizenship, says they are a citizen but does not specify what type, says they were born in the U.S., or says they are not a citizen, CITIZEN will be replaced with "Born in the Puerto Rico, etc." When this happens, QCITIZEN will show the value is allocated.
If a person is foreign born (BPL) and either does not have a response for when asked about their citizenship, says they are a citizen but does not specify what type, says they are a citizen who was born in the U.S., or says they are a citizen who was born in Puerto Rico (CITIZEN), CITIZEN will be allocated based on their parents citizenship. If the person has a parent in the household who is US-born, CITIZEN will be replaced with "Born abroad of American parents." If the parent is a naturalized citizen, CITIZEN will be replaced with "Naturalized citizen." If the parent is not a citizen, CITIZEN will be replaced with "Not a citizen." When this happens, QCITIZEN will show the value is allocated. RELATE is used to determine parents:
A person with value of "parent" in RELATE is the parent to the reference person or brother/sister.
The reference person and spouse are the parents to the son/daughter or foster child.
The son/daughter or foster child of the reference person are parents to grandchildren of the reference person.
If after the previous edits, a person still has a value of "Yes" for being a citizen, but does not specify which type of citizen or is missing (CITIZEN), and year of immigration is equal to or after the year they were born, CITIZEN will be allocated - the allocated value will be drawn from another person with the same age, race, and ethnicity. If year of immigration is also missing or is prior to when a person was born, CITIZEN and YRIMMIG will be allocated jointly - these values will be drawn from another person with the same age, race, and ethnicity. When this happens, QCITIZEN and/or QYRIMM will show the values are allocated.
If after the previous edits, a person indicates they are a citizen who was born in the U.S. or Puerto Rico but lists a foreign birthplace (BPL), and year of immigration is equal to or after the year they were born, CITIZEN will be allocated - the allocated value is drawn from another person of a similar age, race, and ethnicity. If year of immigration is also missing or is prior to when a person was born, CITIZEN and YRIMMIG will be allocated jointly from another person with a similar age, race, and ethnicity. When this happens, QCITIZEN and/or QYRIMM will show the values are allocated.
If a person reports being born in Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Marianas, or the Virgin Islands when asked their birthplace (BPL) and says they are a citizen who was born abroad to American parents or says they are a naturalized citizen, CITIZEN will be replaced with "Born in the Puerto Rico, etc." When this happens, QCITIZEN will show the value is allocated.
If after the previous edits, a foreign-born (BPL) person still indicates being a naturalized citizen (CITIZEN), and year of immigration is after they year they were born and either the same year as the survey year or the year before the survey year, CITIZEN will be replaced with "Not a citizen." When this happens, QCITIZEN will show the value is allocated.
If a person reports being a citizen and born in the U.S. and they current live in one of the 50 states (STATE) or they report being a citizen who was born in Puerto Rice and they currently live in Puerto Rico, YRIMMIG will be replaced with "Not in universe."
For respondents who are in universe for having a year of immigration, if YRIMMIG is not reported or if it is before the year a person was born, YRIMMIG will be allocated from another person with a similar age, race, and ethnicity. When this happens, QYRIMM will show the value is allocated.
Beginning in 2008, if a person reports their year of naturalization as prior to 1883, reports being a naturalized citizen but leaves the year blank, reports a year of naturalization before they were born, or reports a year of naturalization after the survey year, YRNATUR will be allocated from someone else with a similar age (AGE), race (RACE), and ethnicity (HISPAN).
Beginning in 2008, if a person reports not being a U.S. citizen or being born in the U.S., U.S. territories, or abroad to U.S. parents (CITIZEN) and reports a value for year of naturalization, YRNATUR will be replaced with a missing value.
Internal ACS variable : CIT YOE and CITW