- Description
- Codes
- Comparability
- Universe
- Availability
- Questionnaire Text
- Flags
- Source Variables
- Editing Procedure
Description
For respondents who lived in a different residence 1 year before the survey date, MIGPUMA1 identifies the location where the respondent lived at that time, in terms of the Migration Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA) of 100,000+ residents.
Migration PUMA codes are state-dependent, so MIGPUMA1 must be combined with state codes (see MIGPLAC1) to distinguish Migration PUMAs in different states.
A Migration PUMA may correspond to either one or multiple PUMAs, so the codes and extents for PUMAs of residence 1 year ago (in MIGPUMA1) and the PUMA of current residence (in PUMA) occasionally differ.
Details on Migration PUMA definitions, including maps, boundary files, and relationships to PUMAs:
Note: In some multi-year samples, Migration PUMA definitions vary or are allocated. In multi-year ACS/PRCS samples that span a PUMA definition change, the identified Migration PUMAs vary based on the survey year when each respondent was interviewed (as given by MULTYEAR). This occurs in samples that span the change from 2000 PUMAs (survey years 2000-2011) to 2010 PUMAs (survey years 2012-2021) and in the 2022 5-year ACS/PRCS sample (which uses 2010 PUMAs for survey years 2018-2021 and 2020 PUMAs in 2022). With the 2023 5-year ACS/PRCS sample, the Census Bureau began reporting only 2020 PUMAs for all survey years, which they achieved by assigning pre-2022 respondents a 2020 PUMA based on the associated 2010 PUMAs and the known relationships between 2010 and 2020 PUMAs. The Bureau has provided no details on their PUMA allocation method, but IPUMS has confirmed that it produces plausible population totals for the assigned 2020 PUMAs.Corrections in 2012-2014 ACS Samples: The source 2012, 2013, and 2014 ACS PUMS files included several errors in Migration PUMA codes. IPUMS corrected all of these errors in IPUMS USA samples in a January 2019 data release.
- In 2012 and 2013, Georgia Migration PUMAs 04000 (Richmond County) and 04007 (Gwinnett County) had both been assigned code 04000.
- In 2012 and 2013, Wisconsin Migration PUMAs 00100 (Ashland, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Iron, Price, Rusk, Sawyer, Taylor, and Washburn Counties) and 00104 (Dane County) had both been assigned code 00100.
- In 2012, 2013, and 2014, South Carolina Migration PUMAs 00600 (Calhoun, Fairfield, Kershaw, and Richland Counties) and 00606 (Lexington and Saluda Counties) had both been assigned code 00600.
- In 2012, 2013, and 2014, Virginia Migration PUMAs 51000 (Albemarle, Fluvanna, Greene, Louisa, Nelson Counties, and Charlottesville city) and 51001 (Alleghany, Botetourt, Craig, Franklin, and Roanoke Counties; and Covington, Roanoke, and Salem cities) had both been assigned code 51000.
MIGPUMA1 is a 5-digit numeric variable identifying the location where the respondent lived one year ago, in terms of the Migration Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA), defined by the Census Bureau.
Migration PUMA codes are state-dependent, so MIGPUMA1 must be combined with state codes (see MIGPLAC1) to distinguish Migration PUMAs located in different states.
MIGPUMA1 Special Codes
00000 = N/A (less than 1 year old or lived in same residence 1 year ago)
00001 = Did not live in the United States or in Puerto Rico one year ago
00002 = Lived in Puerto Rico one year ago and current residence is in the U.S.
Details on Migration PUMA definitions, including maps, boundary files, and relationships to PUMAs:
Comparability
MIGPUMA1 is available only for the 2005-onward samples of the ACS and the PRCS. For samples from 2005 through 2011, the identified Migration PUMAs are the same as for the 2000 census. ACS samples from 2012-2021 use Migration PUMAs based on the 2010 Decennial Census. ACS samples from 2022-onward use Migration PUMAs based on the 2020 Decennial Census.
In other years, the Census Bureau designated other areas for analyzing place of residence 5 years ago:
- For 1940, the geographic unit is the State Economic Area (see SEA), and the analogous migration variable is MIGSEA5.
Universe
- Persons age 1+ who lived in a different house 1 year ago.
Availability
- 2023: All samples
- 2022: All samples
- 2021: All samples
- 2020: All samples
- 2019: All samples
- 2018: All samples
- 2017: All samples
- 2016: All samples
- 2015: All samples
- 2014: All samples
- 2013: All samples
- 2012: All samples
- 2011: All samples
- 2010: ACS; ACS 3yr; ACS 5yr
- 2009: All samples
- 2008: All samples
- 2007: All samples
- 2006: All samples
- 2005: All samples
- 2004: --
- 2003: --
- 2002: --
- 2001: --
- 2000: --
- 1990: --
- 1980: --
- 1970: --
- 1960: --
- 1950: --
- 1940: --
- 1930: --
- 1920: --
- 1910: --
- 1900: --
- 1880: --
- 1870: --
- 1860: --
- 1850: --
- 2023: All samples
- 2022: All samples
- 2021: All samples
- 2020: All samples
- 2019: All samples
- 2018: All samples
- 2017: All samples
- 2016: All samples
- 2015: All samples
- 2014: All samples
- 2013: All samples
- 2012: All samples
- 2011: All samples
- 2010: PRCS; PRCS 3yr; PRCS 5yr
- 2009: All samples
- 2008: All samples
- 2007: All samples
- 2006: All samples
- 2005: All samples
- 2000: --
- 1990: --
- 1980: --
- 1970: --
- 1930: --
- 1920: --
- 1910: --
Flags
This variable has no flags.
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Editing Procedure
MIGRATE1 (Migration status, 1 year) MIGPUMA1 (PUMA of residence 1 year ago) MIGPLAC1 (State of country of residence 1 year ago)
ACS Years: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
ACS editing procedure:
Migration status
If migration status (MIGRATE1) is "Same as person 1" (an option on CATI/CAPI), MIGRATE1 and MIGPUMA1 and MIGPLAC1 will be replaced with the values from person 1. If there is no person 1, MIGRATE1 will be replaced with a missing value. Starting in 2008, if person 1 has this response, MIGRATE1 and MIGPUMA1 and MIGPLAC1 will be replaced with the values from the first person in the household with either "No, outside the United States and Puerto Rico" or "No, different house in the United States or Puerto Rico" for MIGRATE1.
If a person is under 1 year old, MIGRATE1 will be replaced with "Not in universe."
If a person is 1 or older, reports their migration status as "Not reported" "Person is under year old" "No, outside the U.S." or "No, unspecified" and MIGPLAC1 is a U.S. state, MIGRATE1 will be replaced with "No, different house in the U.S." If MIGPLAC1 is Puerto Rico, MIGRATE1 will be replaced with "No, different house in Puerto Rico or the U.S."
If a person is 1 or older, reports their migration status as "Not reported" "Person is under year old" "No, different house in the U.S." or "No, unspecified", current state of residence is in the U.S., and MIGPLAC1 is outside the U.S., MIGRATE1 will be replaced with "No, outside the U.S." If a person is 1 or older, reports their migration status as "Not reported" "Person is under year old" "No, different house in Puerto Rico or the U.S." or "No, unspecified", current state of residence is Puerto Rico., and MIGPLAC1 is outside the U.S., MIGRATE1 will be replaced with "No, outside Puerto Rico or the U.S."
If a person is 1 or older, reports their migration status as "Person is under year old" or "No, unspecified" and MIGPLAC1 is not reported, MIGRATE1 will be replaced with "Not reported."
If a person is 1 or older, does not report a value for MIGRATE1 or MIGPLAC1, is the reference person or their spouse, and MOVEDIN indicates they moved in the past 12 months, MIGRATE1 will be replaced with "No, different house in the United States." If MOVEDIN was not within the past year, but there is a spouse or a son/daughter (aged 1-18) with a value of MIGRATE1, that value will be assigned to the reference person or the spouse. For the reference person - if MIGRATE1 is still missing, it will be allocated from another reference person with a similar value for RACE, AGE, EMPSTAT, EDUC, and METRO. For the spouse of the reference person - if MIGRATE1 is still missing, it will be replaced with the reference person's value.
If a person is between 1 and 18, does not report a value for MIGRATE1 or MIGPLAC1, is the child of the reference person, and MOVEDIN indicates they moved in the past 12 months, MIGRATE1 will be replaced with "No, different house in the United States." If MOVEDIN was not within the past year, but there is a female spouse of the reference person with a value of MIGRATE1, that value will be assigned to the child of the reference person. If there is not a female spouse of the reference person, MIGRATE1 will be replaced with the reference person's value.
For a person who is 1 or older, is not the spouse or child (age 18 and under) of the reference person, and does not report a value for MIGRATE1 or MIGPLAC1, MIGRATE1 will be allocated from another person with a similar value for RACE, AGE, EMPSTAT, EDUC, and METRO.
Migration state and PUMA
If a person is not in universe for MIGRATE1, they are also not in universe for MIGPUMA1 and
MIGPLAC1.
If the reference person does not report a value for MIGPLAC1 or MIGPUMA1 and there is a spouse or child (age 1-18) in the household with the same value as the reference person for MIGRATE1 who has a value for MIGPLAC1 or MIGPUMA1, that value will be assigned to the reference person. If the value is still missing it will be allocated. For those who report moving from within the U.S., the allocated value will be drawn from another person with a similar value for MIGRATE1, BPL, RACE, AGE, EMPSTAT, EDUC, and METRO. For those who report moving from outside the U.S., the allocated value will be drawn from another person with a similar value for MIGRATE1, HISPAN, RACE, AGE, and EMPSTAT.
If the spouse of the reference person does not report a value for MIGPLAC1 or MIGPUMA1 but the reference person does and has the same value for MIGRATE1 as the spouse, the reference person's value of MIGPLAC1 and MIGPUMA1 value will be assigned to the spouse of the reference person. If there is a child of the reference person who is 1-18 with the same value of MIGRATE1 as the spouse, their values of MIGPLAC1 and MIGPUMA1 will be assigned to the spouse of the reference person. If MIGPLAC1 and MIGPUMA1 are still missing, they will be allocated. For those who report moving from outside the U.S., the allocated value will be drawn from another person with a similar value for MIGRATE1, HISPAN, RACE, AGE, and EMPSTAT. For those who report moving from within the U.S., the allocated value will be drawn from another person with a similar value for MIGRATE1, BPL, RACE, AGE, EMPSTAT, EDUC, and METRO.
If the child (age 1-18) of the reference person does not report a value for MIGPLAC1 or MIGPUMA1 but the reference person, the reference person's spouse, or another child of the reference person does, and has this person has same value for MIGRATE1 as the child, this person's value of MIGPLAC1 and MIGPUMA1 will be assigned to the child of the reference person. If MIGPLAC1 and MIGPUMA1 are still missing, they will be allocated. For those who report moving from outside the U.S., the allocated value will be drawn from another person with a similar value for MIGRATE1, HISPAN, RACE, AGE, and EMPSTAT. For those who report moving from within the U.S., the allocated value will be drawn from another person with a similar value for MIGRATE1, BPL, RACE, AGE, EMPSTAT, EDUC, and METRO.
For a person who is 1 or older, is not the spouse or child (age 18 and under) of the reference person, and does not report a value for MIGPLAC1 or MIGPUMA1, it will be allocated. For those who report moving from outside the U.S., the allocated value will be drawn from another person with a similar value for MIGRATE1, HISPAN, RACE, AGE, and EMPSTAT. For those who report moving from within the U.S., the allocated value will be drawn from another person with a similar value for MIGRATE1, BPL, RACE, AGE, EMPSTAT, EDUC, and METRO.
The same logic outlines in the steps above also applies when a person leaves the U.S. state they migrated from unspecified. If the immigrated from abroad, if no relative has a value for MIGPLAC1, a person's reported place of birth (BPL) will be assigned for MIGPLAC1. If that step fails, then the value be allocated.
The same steps also apply to disentangle the minor civil divisions within New York City or when other smaller geographic areas are not reported (small geographic areas are not publicly available in PUMS data).
Flags
The flag variables will indicate when the values are allocated: QMIGRAT1, QMIGPLC1